Research Results
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2019
Am J Clin Nutr
A large French cohort study of 76,442 women over age 50 followed for 11 years found that current soy supplement use was associated with a 22% reduced risk of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer but a 101% increased risk of ER-negative breast cancer compared to never users. The risk profile varied significantly by personal characteristics: women with a family history of breast cancer showed a 36% increased risk with soy supplement use, while those without family history showed an 18% reduced risk; premenopausal or recently postmenopausal women showed a 50% risk reduction, while women more than 5 years past menopause showed a 6% increased risk. These findings suggest that soy supplements—often marketed as natural alternatives to hormone therapy—may have complex and opposing effects on breast cancer risk depending on tumor biology and individual characteristics, cautioning against their use particularly in women with breast cancer family history.
2025
Nutr J
A prospective cohort study of 13,567 Chinese women followed for nearly 15 years found that consuming one or more servings of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) per week was associated with a 58% increased breast cancer risk compared to consuming less than one serving weekly. The association was partly mediated by body mass index (4.2%) and uric acid (18.8%), with genetic analyses identifying additional metabolic mediators including cholesterol and fatty acid ratios accounting for small portions of the effect. Interestingly, higher soy milk consumption (3-6 portions weekly) was associated with a 69% reduced breast cancer risk, while dairy milk showed a non-significant trend toward increased risk, and no associations were found for juice, coffee, tea, or alcohol, suggesting that reducing SSB consumption and addressing the associated metabolic disruptions could be effective breast cancer prevention strategies.
2023
Nutrient
A meta-analysis of 7 cohort studies and 17 case-control studies examining dietary isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk found a 29% reduced risk when comparing highest to lowest intake (OR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.72-0.81), with dose-response analysis showing that each 10 mg/day increase in isoflavone intake reduced breast cancer risk by 6.8% (cohort studies, OR=0.932; 95% CI: 0.90-0.96) and 11.7% (case-control studies), though no protective effects were detected at doses below 10 mg/day. The inverse association was independent of menopausal status and estrogen receptor status but varied by study design, being significant in case-control studies but not reaching significance in cohort studies alone. These findings provide evidence that dietary isoflavone intake—particularly from soy foods consumed in Asian populations—may reduce breast cancer risk in a dose-dependent manner starting at intake levels above 10 mg/day, supporting recommendations for dietary isoflavone consumption for breast cancer prevention.
2020
Eu J Epidemiol
A large prospective study of over 300,000 Chinese women followed for 10 years found no association between moderate soy intake (averaging 9.4 mg/day of soy isoflavones) and breast cancer risk, even when comparing the highest (19.1 mg/day) to lowest (4.5 mg/day) intake groups. However, a meta-analysis combining this study with other prospective cohorts found that each 10 mg/day increase in soy isoflavone intake was associated with a modest 3% reduction in breast cancer risk. These findings suggest that while moderate soy consumption typical of Chinese diets appears safe and not associated with increased breast cancer risk, higher intakes may provide modest protective benefits, contrasting with earlier concerns about soy and breast cancer and supporting the traditional consumption of soy foods as part of a healthy diet.
2025
Food Res Int
A study analyzing 60 infant formula products sold in Brazil detected dimethoate, an endocrine-disrupting insecticide, in five samples, with one soy-based formula exceeding the legal residue limit of 10 µg/kg established to protect infants under 1 year old. While estimated daily intakes from the contaminated formulas were within acceptable safety limits and unlikely to cause immediate health concerns, the findings are notable because infants are particularly vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during critical developmental windows in the first months of life. The research highlights the need for continued monitoring of pesticide residues in infant formula, as exposure to endocrine disruptors during early development can have long-lasting effects on hormonal systems and potentially increase risks for diseases like breast cancer later in life.
2022
Food Chem
This study assessed the exposure of the French population to endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) from pesticides and phytoestrogens in fruits, vegetables, and soy-based foods. Among 379 pesticides used in France, 70 were identified as potential EDCs, leading to an estimated daily exposure of 509 µg from pesticides, with anti-androgens as the most significant contributors. Additionally, soy consumers had an estimated daily intake of 6,915 µg of isoflavones (plant-based phytoestrogens), while non-soy consumers had 1,930 µg.