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2025
J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol
A nationwide US study analyzing drinking water contamination and cancer incidence (2016-2021) found that PFAS (“forever chemicals”) in public water systems were associated with increased rates of multiple cancers, with incidence rate increases ranging from 2% to 33% across different cancer types. The strongest association was a 33% increased rate of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers linked to PFBS exposure, with other significant associations found for digestive, respiratory, endocrine, thyroid, urinary, brain, and soft tissue cancers, showing notable sex-based differences in cancer patterns. Researchers estimate that PFAS contamination in US drinking water may contribute to approximately 4,600-6,900 new cancer cases annually, underscoring the urgent public health need for stricter water quality standards and expanded monitoring of these persistent environmental pollutants.
2022
Sci Rep
A study of drinking water found widespread contamination with phthalates (plastic chemicals) and bisphenol-A, with DEHP—the most common phthalate detected—exceeding safety limits in concentrations up to 8,351 µg/L in winter and 410 µg/L in summer, posing potential health risks to consumers. The research revealed significant seasonal variations with higher contamination in winter than summer, and health risk assessment showed that DEHP exposure from drinking water alone exceeded safe levels (hazard quotient >1), raising concerns about hormone disruption and potential breast cancer risk. These findings highlight an urgent need for water treatment plants to implement better technologies to remove these endocrine-disrupting chemicals and ensure safe drinking water, as current contamination levels may threaten both human and environmental health.
2022
Molecules
A review of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking water examines this emerging class of environmental contaminants—ranging from naturally occurring to synthetic compounds—that exist as complex mixtures at trace levels but can cause adverse health effects even at low concentrations. The review covers the perceived and actual health risks of EDC exposure through water ingestion (a major human exposure route), regulatory efforts to limit contamination, and analytical methods including advanced sample preparation, instrumentation, and bioassays for multiclass EDC identification and quantitation. Given that human exposure to EDCs via drinking water poses significant health concerns even at trace concentrations, the ability to detect and evaluate EDC contamination with high sensitivity and accuracy is critically important for protecting public health and informing regulatory policy.
2022
J Hazard Mater
This study investigates human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) by handling thermal paper receipts. The study analyzed the BPS and BPA concentrations from the fingerprints of individuals who handled thermal paper receipts and compared them to those of people who didn’t handle thermal paper receipts. The results found that 20–40 μg of BPS or BPA is transferred to human skin as seen through the fingerprint after contact with thermal papers containing 100–300 μg. Additionally, the transfer of BPA was 2.9–5.2 times higher than BPS, which is consistent with higher concentrations in receipts. However, washing hands significantly reduced the transfer of both BPS and BPA. This is important because the study also determined lipid metabolism was affected at concentrations greater than 10 mg/L. Additionally, it had adverse effects on the growth of water flees, indicating that it may potentially have some effect on human development as well.
2021
Environ Res
Biodegradable polymers are emerging as a promising solution for removing endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from wastewater. EDC’s, found in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and personal care products pose serious health risks, impacting the endocrine system and disrupting reproductive health. Traditional water treatments often fail to fully remove EDCs. Biodegradable polymers, with strong adsorptive properties, offer a sustainable and effective method, helping to minimize EDC exposure and protect human and environmental health.
2018
Eur J Public Health
A 34-year study in Italy’s Veneto Region, where drinking water was contaminated with PFAS chemicals from a manufacturing plant operating since 1964, found significantly higher mortality rates in contaminated communities compared to uncontaminated areas for multiple diseases including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer’s, and breast cancer in women. Women in PFAS-contaminated areas showed elevated mortality from kidney cancer, breast cancer, and Parkinson’s disease, while both men and women had increased deaths from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. These population-level findings suggest PFAS exposure—from widespread “forever chemicals” used in nonstick cookware, food packaging, stain-resistant fabrics, and firefighting foam—may increase risks for multiple serious diseases including breast cancer, though individual-level studies are needed to confirm causal relationships and understand the mechanisms behind these health impacts.