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2021
Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev
A prospective study of 169,985 women from the Nurses’ Health Study cohorts followed over nearly 5 million person-years identified 12,482 invasive breast cancer cases and found that greater adherence to overall plant-based diets (PDI) and healthful plant-based diets (hPDI) was associated with 11% lower breast cancer risk (HR = 0.89 for both). The protective effect was strongest for ER-negative tumors, with women in the highest quintile of hPDI having 23% lower risk (HR = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.65-0.90) and those consuming the most healthy plant foods having 26% lower risk (HR = 0.74) of ER-negative breast cancer. This first prospective study examining healthful versus unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns suggests that high-quality plant-based diets may particularly protect against aggressive, hormone receptor-negative breast cancers.
2022
BMC Med
A large UK study of 472,377 people followed for over 11 years found that vegetarians had 14% lower overall cancer risk compared to regular meat-eaters, with similar reductions seen in low meat-eaters (2% lower) and fish-eaters (10% lower). Vegetarian postmenopausal women had 18% lower breast cancer risk, though this benefit appeared to be largely explained by vegetarians having lower body weight, while men who ate fish or followed vegetarian diets had 20-31% lower prostate cancer risk. Low meat consumption was associated with 9% lower colorectal cancer risk, particularly in men, supporting previous evidence that meat intake increases cancer risk, though the study couldn’t definitively determine whether the observed benefits reflect direct dietary effects or other lifestyle factors associated with these eating patterns.