Research Results
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2022
Chemosphere
Researchers measured 41 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in women living in the Greater Manila Area, Philippines, comparing those with and without breast cancer. They found that certain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were significantly associated with breast cancer, with some chemicals showing dramatically increased risk: PFDoA was associated with a 1,263% increased risk, PFDA with an 826% increased risk, and PFHxA with a 166% increased risk. Long-chain PFAS levels were higher in women from heavily industrialized areas compared to the National Capital Region. This study provides the first baseline data on EDC exposure levels in Filipino women, filling a critical gap in knowledge about chemical exposures in Southeast Asian populations and suggesting that industrial pollution may be contributing to elevated PFAS levels and breast cancer risk.
2025
J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol
A nationwide US study analyzing drinking water contamination and cancer incidence (2016-2021) found that PFAS (“forever chemicals”) in public water systems were associated with increased rates of multiple cancers, with incidence rate increases ranging from 2% to 33% across different cancer types. The strongest association was a 33% increased rate of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers linked to PFBS exposure, with other significant associations found for digestive, respiratory, endocrine, thyroid, urinary, brain, and soft tissue cancers, showing notable sex-based differences in cancer patterns. Researchers estimate that PFAS contamination in US drinking water may contribute to approximately 4,600-6,900 new cancer cases annually, underscoring the urgent public health need for stricter water quality standards and expanded monitoring of these persistent environmental pollutants.
2022
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr
This systematic review of 131 epidemiological studies evaluated the association between various endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including phthalates and hormonal exposures like contraceptive pills, and the risk of breast cancer. It found that several EDCs, particularly phthalates and oral contraceptive use, were consistently associated with increased breast cancer risk across multiple studies.
2021
Water Res
A study of 101 bottled water products sold in the US found that PFAS chemicals were detected in 39% of tested products at concentrations ranging from 0.17 to 18.87 ng/L (median 0.98 ng/L), with 97% of samples below 5 ng/L, though some products approached levels of regulatory concern. Spring water products contained significantly higher PFAS levels than purified water, with reverse osmosis (RO) treatment—used in 71% of purified waters but only 2% of spring waters—effectively removing PFAS contamination across all chain lengths. Notably, perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA), an ultrashort-chain PFAS measured for the first time in bottled water, accounted for 42% of detected PFAS mass and was found almost exclusively in spring water products, raising concerns given the lack of enforceable PFAS regulations for bottled water in the US despite these “forever chemicals” being linked to multiple health concerns including potential breast cancer risk, and highlighting the need for mandatory PFAS monitoring and disclosure requirements for bottled water manufacturers.
2020
Repro Toxicol
A 54-year follow-up study of 102 breast cancer cases and 310 matched controls among 9,300 daughters born 1959-1967 in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort found that high maternal perinatal levels of N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (EtFOSAA, a precursor to PFOS) combined with high maternal cholesterol predicted a 3.6-fold increased breast cancer risk in daughters by age 52 (95% CI: 1.1-11.6), while maternal PFOS alone was paradoxically associated with decreased risk. These robust findings—consistent across alternative modeling approaches and independent of other maternal factors—demonstrate that prenatal exposure to specific PFAS compounds during critical developmental windows can influence breast cancer risk decades later, revealing multigenerational health consequences of persistent environmental chemicals. The results emphasize the critical importance of studying internal PFAS doses and chemical mixture exposures during vulnerable early-life periods for breast cancer prevention, particularly as current and future generations face continued ubiquitous exposure to these persistent compounds, though experimental validation and replication in additional epidemiological cohorts are needed to confirm causality and inform prevention strategies.
2018
Eur J Public Health
A 34-year study in Italy’s Veneto Region, where drinking water was contaminated with PFAS chemicals from a manufacturing plant operating since 1964, found significantly higher mortality rates in contaminated communities compared to uncontaminated areas for multiple diseases including diabetes, heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer’s, and breast cancer in women. Women in PFAS-contaminated areas showed elevated mortality from kidney cancer, breast cancer, and Parkinson’s disease, while both men and women had increased deaths from cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. These population-level findings suggest PFAS exposure—from widespread “forever chemicals” used in nonstick cookware, food packaging, stain-resistant fabrics, and firefighting foam—may increase risks for multiple serious diseases including breast cancer, though individual-level studies are needed to confirm causal relationships and understand the mechanisms behind these health impacts.