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2025
Front Toxicol
The study examined the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects of three endocrine disruptors: Bisphenol A (BPA), which mimics estrogen, 17 -Estradiol (E2), the endogenous nuclear estrogen receptor ligand, and Fulvestrant (FUL), a drug that interferes with proper estrogen function. The experiment measured the influence of the endocrine disruptors in vitro using 2D and 3D T47D and MCF7 cells, which are estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cells. The study results concluded that E2 and BPA increased the expression of the estrogen-regulated marker pS2 and decreased TGF 3. Meanwhile, FUL inhibited E2 and BPA’s expression of the estrogen-regulated markers, meaning FUL reversed the effects of the other two endocrine disruptors.