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2024
Int J Hyg Environ Health
A study of 48,665 California women in the Multiethnic Cohort found that exposure to specific ambient air toxics at residential addresses was associated with increased breast cancer risk over a 10-year follow-up period. Industrial chemicals showed the strongest associations, with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane linked to a 322% increased risk, ethylene dichloride to a 181% increased risk, and vinyl chloride to a 127% increased risk. Gasoline-related pollutants also showed elevated risks, including benzene (32% increase), acrolein (126% increase), and toluene (29% increase), with generally stronger associations observed among African American and White women. These findings suggest that toxic air pollutants, particularly from industrial sources and vehicle emissions, may contribute to breast cancer development, which is especially concerning for populations living in high-pollution areas like Los Angeles.
2022
Int Arch Occup Environ Health
A nationwide retrospective cohort study of over 4.7 million Taiwanese workers found that occupational exposure to specific hazardous chemicals was associated with significantly elevated breast cancer risk among female workers, with asbestos showing the highest increase (107% increased incidence, 80% increased risk after adjusting for age and exposure duration). Other notable associations included 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (74% increased incidence, 52% adjusted risk increase), trichloroethylene/tetrachloroethylene (47% increased incidence, 42% adjusted risk increase), benzene (40% increased incidence, 38% adjusted risk increase), and lead (27% increased incidence, 31% adjusted risk increase), with associations remaining robust even after accounting for 2- or 5-year latency periods. These findings from 3,248 breast cancer cases among exposed workers provide compelling evidence that occupational chemical exposures substantially increase breast cancer risk, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced workplace protections, regular breast cancer screening programs for exposed workers, substitution of safer alternatives where possible, and recognition of breast cancer as an occupational disease for workers with documented exposure to these carcinogens.